Radiology Outpatient Ordering Transmission (ROOT) Act

Section 1834(q) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395m(q)) is amended—

(1) in paragraph (3)(B)(ii)—

(A) in subclause (IV), by striking generates and provides to the ordering professional a certification or documentation that; and

(B) by adding at the end the following new subclause:

(VIII) Beginning with January 1, 2026, the mechanism provides to the Secretary—

(aa) the information described in subclauses (III) and (IV);

(bb) the information described in paragraph (4)(B); and

(cc) such other information as the Secretary determines to be appropriate, at such time, and in such form and manner, as the Secretary may specify.

(2) in paragraph (4)—

(A) in subparagraph (A), by striking clause (ii) and inserting the following:

(ii) beginning January 1, 2026, comply with such requirements as the Secretary may establish.

(B) in subparagraph (B)—

(i) in the heading, by striking furnishing professional and inserting qualified clinical decision support mechanism;

(ii) in the matter preceding clause (i)—

(I) by striking January 1, 2017 and inserting January 1, 2026; and

(II) by striking payment for such service may only be made if the claim for the service includes and inserting the qualified decision support mechanism shall maintain and report to the Secretary under subparagraph (F); and

(iii) in clause (iii), by striking (if different from the furnishing professional);

(C) in subparagraph (C), by adding at the end the following new clauses:

An applicable imaging service that is ordered for an individual as part of a clinical trial.

An applicable imaging service ordered by an ordering professional practicing in a small practice (consisting of 15 or fewer ordering professionals), or a practice in a health professional shortage area (as designated under section 332(a)(1)(A) of the Public Health Service Act) located in a rural area.

The following types of applicable imaging services:

(I) A mammography.

(II) A lung cancer screening performed using computed tomography.

(III) A colonography performed using computed tomography.

(IV) Such other preventive or screening imaging services as the Secretary determines appropriate.

(D) in subparagraph (D), by adding at the end the following new clause:

(iv) Any other payment system determined appropriate by the Secretary.

(D) ; and

(E) by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs:

Beginning January 1, 2026, with respect to an applicable imaging service furnished in an applicable setting and paid for under an applicable payment system (as defined in subparagraph (D)), the furnishing professional shall include the national provider identifier of the ordering professional (if different from the furnishing professional) on the claim for the service.

The Secretary shall provide, through guidance or rulemaking, information on appropriate ways that each qualified clinical decision support mechanism may report the information maintained under subparagraph (B) to the Secretary to support the Secretary in implementing paragraphs (5) and (6).

(3) in paragraph (5)—

(A) in the heading, by striking outlier and inserting low compliant;

(B) by striking subparagraphs (A) and (B) and inserting the following:

With respect to applicable imaging services furnished on or after January 1, 2026, the Secretary shall determine on an annual basis the total number of ordering professionals who are designated as low compliant ordering professionals under subparagraph (B).

The Secretary shall designate ordering professionals with a compliance rate (as determined under subparagraph (D)) lower than an amount determined by the Secretary as low compliant ordering professionals.

(C) in paragraph (C), by striking outlier and inserting low compliant;

(D) by striking subparagraph (D) and inserting the following:

For applicable imaging services furnished on or after January 1, 2026, the Secretary shall determine a compliance rate (as defined in clause (ii)) for each ordering professional for a period specified by the Secretary.

In determining a compliance rate for an ordering professional under subclause (I), the Secretary shall use data made available to the Secretary by qualified clinical decision support mechanisms published in the list under paragraph (3)(C) that were consulted by the ordering professional for the period specified by the Secretary under subclause (I).

In this subparagraph, the term compliance rate means, with respect to the requirement that an ordering professional consult with a qualified decision support mechanism when ordering an applicable imaging service under paragraph (4)(A)(i), the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of—

(aa) the number of claims for orders for an applicable imaging service from such ordering professional during the period specified by the Secretary under clause (i)(I) that provided the qualified decision support mechanism consulted by such ordering professional; and

(bb) the total number of orders for an applicable imaging service from such ordering professional during such period.

In calculating the compliance rate for an ordering professional under subclause (I), the Secretary shall exclude from the total number of orders in item (bb) of such subclause any order for an applicable imaging service described in paragraph (4)(C).

(D) ; and

(E) in subparagraph (E), by striking outlier and inserting low compliant;

(4) by striking paragraph (6) and inserting the following:

Not later than January 1, 2031, and every 5 years thereafter, the Secretary shall conduct a study regarding the compliance rates calculated under paragraph (5) and submit a report to Congress that—

(i) discusses—

(I) such rates and compliance with this subsection;

(II) the impact this subsection has on the utilization of applicable imaging services; and

(III) potential mechanisms for improving compliance with this subsection, including—

(aa) prior authorization for applicable imaging services ordered by low compliant ordering professionals;

(bb) any payment adjustment related to the services, or a subset of services, that the Secretary may designate under the fee schedule under section 1848; or

(cc) other mechanisms determined appropriate by the Secretary; and

(ii) proposes alternative compliance rate thresholds for low compliant ordering professionals for purposes of paragraph (5)(B).

(4) ; and

(5) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:

In specifying applicable appropriate use criteria for applicable imaging services under paragraph (2) and qualified clinical decision support mechanisms under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall substantially adhere to the approach described in section 414.94 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on January 1, 2023).

The amendments made by subsection (a) shall take effect on January 1, 2026.